Brazilian Military Dictatorship

Joao Goulart, the last civilian president before military dictatorship, was elected during a time of political and economic instability. Goulart made attempts at stabilizing the economy but failed. He made a speech on March 13, 1964 where he promised to nationalize the country's oil refineries,as well as carry out basic reforms including rent controls.The military began to seek power over Brazil after Goulart was involved in a revolt b ysailors of the Brazilian Navy. Almost two thousand sailors convened to sign a petition showing their support of Goulart's reforms. The Minister of the Navy broke up the gathering and arrested the sailors for mutiny. Goulart pardoned them and infuriated the military. In the early hours of March 31st, 1964, General Olimpio Mourao Filho ordered his troops to begin the move to Rio de Janeiro. Goulart put up a fight but in the end had no military support of his own so he fled to Uruguay. The position of presidency was declared vacant on April first and  on April 11, 1964, General Humberto de Alencar Castello Branco was elected President by the National Congress, becoming the first military president in Brazil. The military dictatorship lasted twenty years and was prominent because of economic growth, and was powered by large international loans, the increase of inflation, the dissatisfaction of the population, left-wing guerrilla activities and the repression of freedom of expression.Joao Figueiredo ruled Brazil from 1979 to1985 and was the last military president.He is credited with beginning the transition from military rule to civilian and promising the country be made democrat. Near the end of the military dictatorship, civil society ordered large political rallies to request direct presidential elections. Tancredo Neves was elected president by the National Congress and ended the military dictatorship.

       Juan Peron  By: Violeta M.

           In 1943, the people of Argentina could no longer tolerate the machinations of President Ramon Castillo and took control. They had grown to admire the manner in which Germany transformed itself in the 1930's from a vanquished and humiliated nations into a proud and mighty world power. The GUO took control of the union, censored the media, suppressed opposition and jailed dissidents. Peron was gaining power within the GUO. Cunning, capable and charismatic he used his position as labor minister to win the trust and support of organized labor by offering pensions and benefits. Rival officers feared his ambitions and disliked the "left-wing" programs he implements and had Peron jailed. But his supporters in the labor movement staged a massive pro-Peron demonstration in the streets of Buenos Aires that forced his release on October 17, 1945. An election was set for 1946 and Peron ran for the presidency extolling the virtues of democracy. Peron captured 54% of the votes.

Peru's 1960 Military Dictatorship:

Before the recession, elections held fraud and the military replaced the president with another, resulting in a military regime to start. When the recession in the mid-1960s occurred, and inflation following suit, the people still managed to thrive and prosper. The new president chosen by the military took interest in foreign trade, which resulted in a fish revolving economy. The recession turned this all around, and now the economy was failing. Lacking the support of the nation, they proceeded to go through military reforms, though they were all unsuccessful. When the military took over completely, not many people took mind until many setbacks on freedom of speech took place and the current president was arrested and exiled. Soon after, many rebellions and protest littered the streets. 

The personal qualities of the leaders in Peru are reins of power to back them up, along with most of them having the assistance of the military, being in them for some time before they became president. The only exception had been kicked out by the military, only to be elected again once the military died down in the 1980s.

i picked brazil, Sam Wreh

They first gained power in 1964 because no civilian politician was acceptable to all the revolutionary fractions. It put in its army chief of staff, Marshal Humberto Castelo Branco, he was president for three years (1964-67). At first he did not to go along with the military's wants, which were to institutionalize the military in power. After, refusing this demand, he received competing demands which only radicalized the situation and forced him to take action to appease these demands. He did not last long though after only 3 years he was removed from office. Although the dictatorship did not solve all the problems that Brazil faced and in fact caused some of their own, like the DOI-COID which was responsible for a substantial number of human rights violations, they still had a high point which was the Brazil miracle in which GDP rose. When General Joao Baptista Figueiredo (197-1985) took control, he promised to turn Brazil into a democracy. His term marked the end of military dictatorship in Brazil.

Brazil's Military Dictatorship

On March 31^st, 1964, fearing that Communism was growing at an alarming rate under the rule of Brazilian President Goulhart, the military of Brazil staged a coup against their government and seized control over the country, ousting Goulhart and forcing him to flee to Uruguay. The military government placed into power five different presidents over the next twenty years and put into place the Institutional Acts to increase their power and assist in the fight against Communism. These acts included actions such as banning welfare and other social services, ending elections of governors and mayors, and outlawing virtually any form of civil rights. Unlike other Latin America Military states, one is able to see Brazil maintained a certain degree of democracy, or at least the idea of it, by still having the position of a president, but during the military's rule one can't really say that the presidents weren't anything more than dictators placed into the role by the military. Just like the military, these presidents were vehemently anti-communist and anti-socialist, and changed the Populist reforms in the country that could be seen as related to those ideologies. The military had also assumed control over the labor unions and farmer organizations in the country, helping to reduce opposition to their changes in social welfare significantly. Overall, the political instability that followed Vargas' suicide was a leading factor in the military's ability to take control as it allowed the military to begin to assert its power over government institutions in a manner that could be referred to as more gradual than other Latin American military regimes. The military's failure to actually help the country, their acute ability to make things worse, and the fact that revolutions were no longer a real threat made it to where the military finally began to transition their power to the civilians from 1979 to 1985 with the final military president Joan Figuerido.  

Brazil's Military Dictatorship

Brazil's military dictatorship happened right after Vargas's suicide which caused political instability since it had created a revolving door of leadership. In March 1964 , the military seized power and had installed five presidents for the next 20 years. The military then imposed the Institutional Acts which led to the end of presidential and state elections as well as reduces democracy, and increases the presidents power. It also led to end the of civil rights and tightened censorship. The cause of this was to stop the spreading of communism in Brazil. The military dictatorship ended when the nation was safe from revolution and when the country's povert, social justice, iliteracy, poor healthcare, and regional disparity became worse.

Military Control In Bolivia

After The Nationalist Revolutionary Movement (MNR) of 1952 in Bolivia Victor Paz Estenssoro took over the presidency. The Nationalist Revolutionary Movement came into power shortly after the movement. The Nationalist Revolutionary Movement consisted of miners, farmers, and the middle class. Victor Paz Estenssoro was the a populist leader. As common under populist leadership, the people soon became unhappy with the way things were going after a while. They were no longer recieving the benefits and equalities that they were once promised. In 1964 Victor Paz Estenssoro was re-elected despite the Bolivian citizen's discontent. Soon after Victor Paz Estenssoro's re election tensions began the emerge and steaadilty rise. The armed forces feared a Cuban style revolution. This one, originating from the Andes mountains. The people were not controlable under Victor Paz Estenssoro's leadership. So, the Bolivian military removed him from power. Throughout the 1960s the military remained in power. The military focused heavily on retaining order within Bolivia as well as atemmpting to make other small improvements and changes. During this time and process the infamous "Che"was captured along with some of his followers  while unsuccessfully attempting to rekindle a revolution in the mountains. Through the 1970s the military leadership was able to significantly grow the economy. After a period of unrest from the people and repression from the military in response, the power was once again placed in the hands of the citizens in 1982.

http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/History/Bolivia-history.htm

Rafael Trujillo of the Dominican Republic

A rebel group in the Dominican Republic planned to overthrow president Horacio Vasquez because he decided that he wanted to ignore the constitution and extend his term. General Rafael Trujillo chose not to fight and held his troops back, instead waiting for the right moment. After Vasquez was forced out of office, Trujillo made himself a new presidential candidate. He even threw together a secret group of police for the people who opposed of him to be tortured and killed which only resulted in him winning the elections by force; he was a brutal dictator before he was even elected president. Trujillo apparently "gave" his presidency over to his brother in 1952, 1957, and to Joaquin Balaguer in 1960, but he still kept ultimate control over the country for about 31 years. He was very harsh to Haitians, because he did not want them darkening the skin color of Dominicans. He placed a massacre on over 20,000 Haitians because they were reported to have been stealing Dominican crops. Trujillo had sent out people to assassinate President Romulo Betancourt of Venezuela when he realized that the Venezuelan president had sponsored a quiet plot to get rid of Trujillo. The attempt was a failure. It offended the people of the Organization of American States, so they decided to put economic sanctions on the Dominican Republic. Trujillo was shot down by seven assassins who were also a part of his military on May 30, 1961 which was the end of the Age of Trujillo.

Brazil's Military Government

On April 1, 1964 the army took power and instituted a institutional act to persecute anybody who posed a potential threat to the regime. That was the start of the Brazilian military regime, which lasted until 1985. The very first president of the military regime was Castelo Blanco who ruled until 1967. He put into play the second Institutional Act, he got rid of all political parties. Founded by the military regime ARENA (Alianca Renovedora Nacional) and the MDB (Movimiento Democratico Braseileiro) would be the only political parties in Brazil until 1979. The 20 year military dictatorship was marked by economic growth, fueled by large international loans, the increase of inflation, the dissatisfaction of the people, left-wing guerrilla activities, and the repression of freedom of expression. Despite the repression this was also a period of great cultural growth that saw composers and university professors flourish. unfortunately, many were forced into exile. Protests broke out throughout Brazil, in June of 1968, the 100,000 march took place in the streets of Rio De Janeiro. This was a milestone in the dictatorship but unfortunately enacted Institutional Act 5, further restricting freedom of the press by requiring prior approval of all media content and inspection by authorized agents. The last military President was Joao Figueiredo, who governed from 1979 to 1985. He oversaw the slow transition from military to civilian rule, promising to make the country a democracy. Political prisoners were freed and six new political parties were formed. Towards the end of the dictatorship, civil society's organized large political rallies to demand direct presidential elections. In 1985, the military peacefully handed over power to civilian president Tancredo Neves, Marking the end of 21 years of military presidents.  

Brazil's Military Gov.

Military Government In Brazil 

After the death of Getulio Vargas in 1954 from committing suicide, there was a revolt in leadership as Juscelino Kubitschek took office in 56-60 then replaced by Joao Goulart until the military arrive and fully took control of Brazil over the next 20 years. 

While the military had control over Brazil, they install 5 different types of president to take control of the office.  During the years of Castelo, he inducted 5 Institutional Acts and three of them were... 

• Institutional Act 1: confirmed 1948 Constitution, canceled presidential elections, and cleans Brazil's corruption. 
• Institutional Act 2: reduced the democracy, regulated candidates to run for office, and that presidents could take control of the Supreme Court. 
• Institutional Act 3: ended election of state governors and city mayors. 

 

Later on in the 1967, Brazil instituted certain types of controls to eliminate the economic issues spreading around the nation. 

 



Juan Bosch

Juan Bosch

During Trujillo's campaign, he organized a secret police force to torture and murder supporters opposing candidate.Trujillo used the disaster as an excuse to impose martial law on all citizens. He also imposed emergency taxes and even seized the bank accounts of his opposition.  Juan Bosch was an anti-Communist reformer, as was common among Social Democrats. He began a land redistribution program and encouraged strengthening the labor movement. Fidel Castro seized power in Cuba six years earlier. Bosch was elected President in February 1963, after the assassination of the dictator Rafael Leonidas Trujillo, who ruled the Dominican Republic with an iron fist for more than 30 years.  He was the first politician to directly address the peasantry, a heretofore ignored group that gave him an overwhelming majority in the election. Bosch not only appealed to the poor but also cut across class lines to win the favour of the middle class and intellectuals. Bosch faced serious problems at the outset of his term. The military considered that its powers were curtailed. On September 25, 1963, the military deposed Bosch. Two years later his followers staged a rebellion in hopes of returning Bosch to power. The United States, fearful of a communist revolution, sent troops to end the revolt.  Bosch was allowed to return, and he reluctantly agreed to take part in the new elections.His term in office was too short for a judgment of his effectiveness as president, but Bosch’s contribution to his country’s political development was a very big importance. Bosch created a genuine political party, forcing the opposition to do the same and enabling his country to have legitimate representative elections.

Juan Bosch

During Trujillo's campaign, he organized a secret police force to torture and murder supporters opposing candidate.Trujillo used the disaster as an excuse to impose martial law on all citizens. He also imposed emergency taxes and even seized the bank accounts of his opposition.  Juan Bosch was an anti-Communist reformer, as was common among Social Democrats. He began a land redistribution program and encouraged strengthening the labor movement. Fidel Castro seized power in Cuba six years earlier. Bosch was elected President in February 1963, after the assassination of the dictator Rafael Leonidas Trujillo, who ruled the Dominican Republic with an iron fist for more than 30 years.  He was the first politician to directly address the peasantry, a heretofore ignored group that gave him an overwhelming majority in the election. Bosch not only appealed to the poor but also cut across class lines to win the favour of the middle class and intellectuals. Bosch faced serious problems at the outset of his term. The military considered that its powers were curtailed. On September 25, 1963, the military deposed Bosch. Two years later his followers staged a rebellion in hopes of returning Bosch to power. The United States, fearful of a communist revolution, sent troops to end the revolt.  Bosch was allowed to return, and he reluctantly agreed to take part in the new elections.His term in office was too short for a judgment of his effectiveness as president, but Bosch’s contribution to his country’s political development was a very big importance. Bosch created a genuine political party, forcing the opposition to do the same and enabling his country to have legitimate representative elections.

 

Juan Bosch

Rafael Trujillo held the position until 1938, when he chose a puppet successor. During his campaign, he organized a secret police force to torture and murder supporters of the other component. He won by a landslide. Shortly in his first term, the Dominican Capital was destroyed by a hurricane. He used it as a excuse to impose martial laws on citizens. Also, he imposed "emergency taxes" and even seized the bank accounts of his opposition. His early opponent was Juan Bosch.
Bosch took control after Trujillo was assassinated. Bosch was the first actual well organized political party of the Dominican Republic. Not only did he appeal to the poor, but he also appealed to the middle class and intellectuals. Bosch won a landslide victory in the elections of December 20, 1962. He was the first politician to directly address the peasantry, a heretofore ignored group that gave him an overwhelming majority in the election. Bosch not only appealed to the poor but also cut across class lines to win the favour of the middle class and intellectuals.  The United States was at odds with Fidel Castro’s government in Cuba and leery of the slightest hint of leftist politics in the Caribbean. After a two-year exile in Puerto Rico, Bosch was allowed to return, and he reluctantly agreed to take part in the new elections. After 31 years of dictatorship, Bosch created a genuine political party, forcing the opposition to do the same and enabling his country to have legitimate representative elections.

Latin America Populist Leader Blog

Getulio Vargas gained and retained support from urban workers because he promised them many things and often went through with his promises. He also lowered the voting age from 21 to 18 and extended the votes to women as well. He basically increased women's rights and considerably strengthened the powers of the executive.
Vargas obtained power in his country because he was increasing Brazil politically. He created a legislature system with both state, and social-sector representatives due to a new constitution in 1934.
Getulio Vargas was a dictator, but also the president. He was in power for fifteen years and within that time people began to question him. He started off on a good foot but as he got further in, people were becoming a bit afraid because they didn't want to have a Civil War like Spain had was involved in and it frightened them.

Dictatorship in El Salvador 1931- 1979

History, Military Rule, 1931-1979

Almost immediately, Marti led a revolt of farm workers, Native Americans, and other rural Salvadorans, armed mostly with machetes. Hernandez Martinez directed the army to put down this insurrection, which was defeated within days. The military then executed between 10,000 and 30,000 rural Salvadorans. This event, known as La Matanza (the massacre), became a turning point in El Salvador’s history. Before the uprising, the governing elite had tolerated some dissent and allowed labor organizations to form. But after the rebellion, the terrified elite turned to the military to maintain their power. The 1932 revolt also destroyed indigenous culture in most parts of El Salvador, for Native Americans had been especially targeted during the massacre. To survive, the remaining native people adopted mestizo dress and customs.

Hernandez Martinez ruled El Salvador as a military dictator, suppressing dissent, until he was overthrown in 1944 by students, workers, and progressive military officers. In the years that followed, military officers continued to control the government, but new political parties and labor unions were allowed to form, giving the urban middle class an opportunity to participate in politics.

After World War II ended in 1945, the economy became more diversified as new crops were grown for export, which helped increase the size of both the elite and the middle class. But poverty grew more widespread among the lower classes, especially rural Salvadorans who were forced off their land by the expansion of export agriculture. More export crops meant less land available for growing food, and Salvadorans became among the most malnourished people in the world.

                                                                     My summary of the research

Hernandez, who ruled El Salvador, was too controlling which caused the people to seize control. After Hernandez the military officers were in control which did benefit the urban middle class in issues such as politics. At the end of world war 2 the economy was more versatile and more food was exported, which was beneficial in the growth of the elite and middle class; however, poverty and the export of more goods than imports, caused El Salvadorians to be very malnourished.

                                                                                   resource(s):

  

"History,MilitaryRule,1931-1979."CountriesQuest.Web. <http://www.countriesquest.com/central_america/el_salvador/history/military_rule_1931-1979.htm>.

Military Regime in Brazil

Military Regime in Brazil

https://americasouthandnorth.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/brazil-tanks.jpg

In 1964 the military conducted a coup d'etat where President Joao Goulart was overthrown by the Armed Forces (supported by the US in April) and took over the political power of Brazil and stayed there for twenty years. At first the people were relieved to be free from Goulart and thought the government intervention was a temporary action to restore order and. The Brazilians thought they would soon return to democracy but  they instead faced a military that was physically repressing the people. Individuals were striped of their political rights, basic political rights were being denied and union leaders were being imprisoned and tortured.  

                Factors that lead to the military takeover included  capitalist development  and economic policy. President Goulart imposed restrictions on multinational investment to follow a nationalistic policy of supporting national capital not associated with foreign capital.  Due to these policies, an emphasis on social programs, and the rapid organization of the working class  the military stepped in  before newly organized groups started making demands that were not compatible with a system that was depended on capitalistic development. Brazil's economy was dependent  on state, private national, and international capitol. The military's power was being weakened by high interest rates on external debt, the oil crisis, and world recession despite the continued economical growth. The government was forced to hold elections  because of worker protests. In  the 1985 elections the candidate backed by the military was defeated due to the opposition's "considerable gains."

Sources: https://americasouthandnorth.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/brazil-tanks.jpg

http://www.colorado.edu/conflict/full_text_search/AllCRCDocs/95-1.htm

http://udugandans.org/cms/media-section/270-why-civilians-replaced-military-regimes-in-latin-america