Brazilian Military Dictatorship

Joao Goulart, the last civilian president before military dictatorship, was elected during a time of political and economic instability. Goulart made attempts at stabilizing the economy but failed. He made a speech on March 13, 1964 where he promised to nationalize the country's oil refineries,as well as carry out basic reforms including rent controls.The military began to seek power over Brazil after Goulart was involved in a revolt b ysailors of the Brazilian Navy. Almost two thousand sailors convened to sign a petition showing their support of Goulart's reforms. The Minister of the Navy broke up the gathering and arrested the sailors for mutiny. Goulart pardoned them and infuriated the military. In the early hours of March 31st, 1964, General Olimpio Mourao Filho ordered his troops to begin the move to Rio de Janeiro. Goulart put up a fight but in the end had no military support of his own so he fled to Uruguay. The position of presidency was declared vacant on April first and  on April 11, 1964, General Humberto de Alencar Castello Branco was elected President by the National Congress, becoming the first military president in Brazil. The military dictatorship lasted twenty years and was prominent because of economic growth, and was powered by large international loans, the increase of inflation, the dissatisfaction of the population, left-wing guerrilla activities and the repression of freedom of expression.Joao Figueiredo ruled Brazil from 1979 to1985 and was the last military president.He is credited with beginning the transition from military rule to civilian and promising the country be made democrat. Near the end of the military dictatorship, civil society ordered large political rallies to request direct presidential elections. Tancredo Neves was elected president by the National Congress and ended the military dictatorship.

       Juan Peron  By: Violeta M.

           In 1943, the people of Argentina could no longer tolerate the machinations of President Ramon Castillo and took control. They had grown to admire the manner in which Germany transformed itself in the 1930's from a vanquished and humiliated nations into a proud and mighty world power. The GUO took control of the union, censored the media, suppressed opposition and jailed dissidents. Peron was gaining power within the GUO. Cunning, capable and charismatic he used his position as labor minister to win the trust and support of organized labor by offering pensions and benefits. Rival officers feared his ambitions and disliked the "left-wing" programs he implements and had Peron jailed. But his supporters in the labor movement staged a massive pro-Peron demonstration in the streets of Buenos Aires that forced his release on October 17, 1945. An election was set for 1946 and Peron ran for the presidency extolling the virtues of democracy. Peron captured 54% of the votes.

Peru's 1960 Military Dictatorship:

Before the recession, elections held fraud and the military replaced the president with another, resulting in a military regime to start. When the recession in the mid-1960s occurred, and inflation following suit, the people still managed to thrive and prosper. The new president chosen by the military took interest in foreign trade, which resulted in a fish revolving economy. The recession turned this all around, and now the economy was failing. Lacking the support of the nation, they proceeded to go through military reforms, though they were all unsuccessful. When the military took over completely, not many people took mind until many setbacks on freedom of speech took place and the current president was arrested and exiled. Soon after, many rebellions and protest littered the streets. 

The personal qualities of the leaders in Peru are reins of power to back them up, along with most of them having the assistance of the military, being in them for some time before they became president. The only exception had been kicked out by the military, only to be elected again once the military died down in the 1980s.

i picked brazil, Sam Wreh

They first gained power in 1964 because no civilian politician was acceptable to all the revolutionary fractions. It put in its army chief of staff, Marshal Humberto Castelo Branco, he was president for three years (1964-67). At first he did not to go along with the military's wants, which were to institutionalize the military in power. After, refusing this demand, he received competing demands which only radicalized the situation and forced him to take action to appease these demands. He did not last long though after only 3 years he was removed from office. Although the dictatorship did not solve all the problems that Brazil faced and in fact caused some of their own, like the DOI-COID which was responsible for a substantial number of human rights violations, they still had a high point which was the Brazil miracle in which GDP rose. When General Joao Baptista Figueiredo (197-1985) took control, he promised to turn Brazil into a democracy. His term marked the end of military dictatorship in Brazil.

Brazil's Military Dictatorship

On March 31^st, 1964, fearing that Communism was growing at an alarming rate under the rule of Brazilian President Goulhart, the military of Brazil staged a coup against their government and seized control over the country, ousting Goulhart and forcing him to flee to Uruguay. The military government placed into power five different presidents over the next twenty years and put into place the Institutional Acts to increase their power and assist in the fight against Communism. These acts included actions such as banning welfare and other social services, ending elections of governors and mayors, and outlawing virtually any form of civil rights. Unlike other Latin America Military states, one is able to see Brazil maintained a certain degree of democracy, or at least the idea of it, by still having the position of a president, but during the military's rule one can't really say that the presidents weren't anything more than dictators placed into the role by the military. Just like the military, these presidents were vehemently anti-communist and anti-socialist, and changed the Populist reforms in the country that could be seen as related to those ideologies. The military had also assumed control over the labor unions and farmer organizations in the country, helping to reduce opposition to their changes in social welfare significantly. Overall, the political instability that followed Vargas' suicide was a leading factor in the military's ability to take control as it allowed the military to begin to assert its power over government institutions in a manner that could be referred to as more gradual than other Latin American military regimes. The military's failure to actually help the country, their acute ability to make things worse, and the fact that revolutions were no longer a real threat made it to where the military finally began to transition their power to the civilians from 1979 to 1985 with the final military president Joan Figuerido.  

Brazil's Military Dictatorship

Brazil's military dictatorship happened right after Vargas's suicide which caused political instability since it had created a revolving door of leadership. In March 1964 , the military seized power and had installed five presidents for the next 20 years. The military then imposed the Institutional Acts which led to the end of presidential and state elections as well as reduces democracy, and increases the presidents power. It also led to end the of civil rights and tightened censorship. The cause of this was to stop the spreading of communism in Brazil. The military dictatorship ended when the nation was safe from revolution and when the country's povert, social justice, iliteracy, poor healthcare, and regional disparity became worse.

Military Control In Bolivia

After The Nationalist Revolutionary Movement (MNR) of 1952 in Bolivia Victor Paz Estenssoro took over the presidency. The Nationalist Revolutionary Movement came into power shortly after the movement. The Nationalist Revolutionary Movement consisted of miners, farmers, and the middle class. Victor Paz Estenssoro was the a populist leader. As common under populist leadership, the people soon became unhappy with the way things were going after a while. They were no longer recieving the benefits and equalities that they were once promised. In 1964 Victor Paz Estenssoro was re-elected despite the Bolivian citizen's discontent. Soon after Victor Paz Estenssoro's re election tensions began the emerge and steaadilty rise. The armed forces feared a Cuban style revolution. This one, originating from the Andes mountains. The people were not controlable under Victor Paz Estenssoro's leadership. So, the Bolivian military removed him from power. Throughout the 1960s the military remained in power. The military focused heavily on retaining order within Bolivia as well as atemmpting to make other small improvements and changes. During this time and process the infamous "Che"was captured along with some of his followers  while unsuccessfully attempting to rekindle a revolution in the mountains. Through the 1970s the military leadership was able to significantly grow the economy. After a period of unrest from the people and repression from the military in response, the power was once again placed in the hands of the citizens in 1982.

http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/History/Bolivia-history.htm